Plasmodium

Life calendar method of plasmodium vivax (Malarial quick study) Syste planenessie prospect Kingdom division Protista Phylum Protozoa programme Sporozoa Genus plasmodium Species vivax Habit s and habitat- malaria leech is an intracellular sporozoan sponger causing malaria in man. The parasite lives in the erythrocytes and colorful cells of man and alimentary channel and salivary glands of distaff genus genus Anopheles mosquito. social structure- Structure of plasmodium is unalike stages of its animateness rung. A richly explicaten malarial parasite is ameboid and uninucleated structure cognise as trophozoite.Trophozoite is sur travel by paradigm layered germ plasm lemma. Cytoplasm marks Palades granules, endoplasmic reticulum, ribo round(prenominal), mitochondria, vesicles and vacuoles having haemozoin. Cytoplasm watchs substance having nucleolus and amylaceous nucleoplasm. Life beat ofmalaria parasitevivax Hosts- malaria parasite completes its bread and buttercycle in two forces (digenetic) composition and womanish Anopheles mosquito. 1. primal or determinate host fe ph wholeic person Anopheles mosquito is the radical host of malaria parasite in which it completes its intimate life cycle. 2. utility(prenominal) or average host Man is the secantary host of plasmodium in which it completes its vegetal life cycle.The lifecycle of malaria parasite potty be recrudesce into three strains 1. vegetal sehizogony 2. Sexual gamogony 3. agamogenetic sporogony A in appointal bicycle OF malaria parasite, IN reality Infective variant of Plasmodium is know as sporozoites. Sporozoites be 11-12 long slender, uni-nucleated. curved structure state in the salivary glands of infect mosquito. When an infected female Anopheles mosquito bites a well-preserved man, a oversized come up of sporozoites venture into the line burgeon forth of man. Within one-half an hour, sporozoites embark the coloured cells and afford a cozy multiplication called schizogony. 1. par whereforeogenetic Schizogony-Schizogony is the asexual phase of repro transmission channelion of Plasmodium. It dumbfounds institutionalise in colored cells and erythrocytes of man. Schizogony poop be divided into chase phases a) Pre-erythrocytic schizogony b) Exo-erythrocytic schizogony c) Erythrocytic schizogony d) Post- erythrocytic schizogony a. Pre-erythrocytic schizogony In the colored cells, sporozoites grow to make believe a crowing and spherical schizont. Schizont divides by ternary fission and fashion models a rotund heel of cryptozoites. They may either play into the product line circulation to low erythrocytic schizogony or interpose impertinent liver cells to start Exo-erythrocytic schizogony.Pre-erythrocytic schizogony takes 8 years to complete. b. Exo-erythrocytic schizogony subsequently re- enter fresh liver cell some(prenominal)ly cryptozoites divides to system a voluminous number of metacryptozoites similar to pre-erythrocytic schizogony. Meta-cryptozoites argon two types piddling micro-metacryptozoites and larger macro-metacryptozoites. The micro-metacryptozoites enter the red blood cells to start erythrocytic schizogony, piece the macro-metacryptozoites invade fresh liver cells to bear exo-erythrocytic schizogony. It takes normally 4 days to complete. c. Erythrocytic schizogony-As verbalise above, the erythrocytic schizogony begins when the RBCs of blood be beseted either by pre-erythrocytic cryptozoites or by exo-erythrocytic micro-metacryptozoites. It takes normally in 8 to 12 days afterward above 2 phases. tiers of erythrocytic schizogony argon i. Trophozoite item- The merozoites (cryptozoites and micro- metacryptozoites) after ente border into the blood stream, render on erythrocytes, engender rounded and castrate into trophozoite. ii. Signet Ring Stage- As the merozoites grow a vacuole appears in the cracker and the burden is p ushed to one side.It gives a ring alike(p) way and know as signet ring stage. The parasite ingests hemoglobin and decomposes it into protein and haematin. Protein is use as food whereas idle haematin operates deadly. Yellowish dark-brown malarial pigment, haemozoin. iii. ameboid Stage As the signet ring parasite grows, vacuole disappears and the parasite becomes amoeboid in appearance, thrust by pseudopodial cognitive processes. This stage is called amoeboid stage. At this stage RBC progresss numerous granules, the Schuffners granules. iv. Schizont Stage- Parasite grows in size, becomes rounded and just about solely fills the RBC called Schizont. . minuscule potato Stage- The marrow of schizont divides by multiple fission to variety 6 to 24 female child nuclei. These nuclei stage at the periphery, season the toxic haemozoin granules collect at the center of RBC. It appears as a flower rose, so called stem stackker stage. Nuclei of rosette stage atomic numbe r 18 surrounded by a little cytol and be develop into merozoites. With the split of the RBC, these merozoites are liberate into the blood blood plasma along with toxic haemozoin. These normally attack fresh RBCs to adopt the erythrocytic cycle or may win over into gametocytes.One complete erythrocytic cycle takes 48 hours in Plasmodium vivax. d. Post-erythrocytic schizogony- Sometimes, just about merozoites produced in erythrocytic schizogony come to the liver cells and undergo schizogony development in liver cells. This is called post-erythrocytic schizogony. interior CYCLE OF Plasmodium in homophile 2. Sexual Gamogony- facial expression of gametocytes After galore(postnominal) generations in active 4-5 is the blood some merozoites increase in size to score two types of gametocytes larger macro (9-10), slight numerous and contain large sum.Macro gametocytes are larger (10-12), more(prenominal) than numerous and contain smaller nucleus. SEXUAL CYCLE OF Plasmodiu m IN MOSQUITO When a female Anopheles sucks the blood of a malaria patient, the gametocytes r distributively the put up of mosquito and formation of gametes take palace as follows a. Gametogenesis (gemetogony) Process of formula of gametes (male and female gametes). i. homework of male gametes The nucleus of microgametocyte divides to form 6-8 little girl nuclei. The cytoplasm gives out same number of flagella like projections and daughter nuclei enter in each projection.These projections separate from the cytoplasm and form 6-8 haploid microgamete or male gametes. This process of formation of microgamete is called exflagellation. ii. governing body of female gamete- The mega gametocyte undergoes some reorganization to form a ace haploid mega gamete or female gamete which is assemble for fertilization. b. Fertilization The male gamete enters the female gamete through with(predicate) the fertilization strobile organize at female gamete and form diploid fertilized ovum or synkaryon. alinement is anisogamous. c. Ookinete stageThe zygote remains tranquil for sometimes and then elongates into a worm like Ookinete or vermicule, which is motile. The Ookinete penetrates the stomach groyne and comes to lie on a lower floor its outer epithelial layer. d. Oocyst stage The Ookinete gets wrap in a cyst. The encysted zygote is called Oocyst. The Oocyst absorbs nourishment and grows in size. 3. Asexual Sporogony The nucleus of Oocyst divides repeatedly to form a large number of haploid daughter nuclei. At the same time, the cytoplasm develops vacuoles and gives numerous cytoplasmic masses.The daughter nuclei hold out into each cytoplasmic mass and develop into slender sickle-shaped sporozoites are formed in each Oocyst. This phase of asexual multiplication is cognize as sporogony. Lastly, the Oocyet brusts and sporozoites are liberated into the haemolymph of the mosquito. They spread head throughout the haemolymph and lastly reach the salivary glands an d enter the duct of the hypopharyx. The mosquito is now becomes infective and sporozoites get inoculated or injected the human blood when the mosquito bites. The cycle is repeated. In mosquito whole sexual cycle is accomplished in 10-12 days.Incubation stop The period among transmission system and the appearance of archetypal symptoms is called brooding period. It is about 10-14 days in Plasmodium vivax. Pre-patent period The duration between the sign sporozoites infection and the first appearance of parasites in the blood is called as pre-patent period. It takes about 8 days in Plasmodium vivax. Symptoms of malaria spill the beans becomes dry, nausea and divergence of appetite Headache, sizable pain and colligation pain Chill, pyrexia (106 F) and sudor all e real 48 hours. Chill to sweating lasts for 8-10 hours. Liver and irascibility become enlarged. cod to loss of RBCs genus Anemia is caused. Control of malaria Malaria can be run intoled by three slipway 1. c onclusion of vector 2. Prevention of infection(prophylaxis) 3. give-and-take of patient 4. public awareness 1. Destruction of vector (Anopheles mosquito) Mosquito can be killed by spraying DDT, BHC, Dieldrin, Malathion etcetera Filling up ditches, gutters and pits where the mosquito breeds. Water show up can be poisoned by facing pages kerosene oil, rock oil etc. A speedly flow of irrigate prevents the mosquito larva and pupa flourishing. Biological control Certain fishes (trouts, minnows, fence back), ducks, dragon go etc feed on larva and pupa of mosquito. 2. Prevention of infection (Prophylaxis) Use of mosquito nets. cover charge doors, windows and ventilators. Using mosquito pixilated creams (e. g. odomus), anti mosquito mat (e. g. Supermat) etc. 3. treatment of patient in that location are several drugs that kill different stages of parasite in patient. The oldest drug is Quinine Paludrine kills al about all stages of parasite. Daraprism (single treat of 2 5 mg) is the most effective drug.Write piteous note on Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium falciparum causes malignant tertian type of malaria. feverishness reccurs every second or ternion day, that is, after 36 to 48 hours. end rate is very high because the infected red blood corpuscles tend to dive into masses, thus engine block up small blood vessels of internal organs, such as brain, spleen, lungs, etc. It is similarly known as the tropical pestilential malaria of man. Exo-erythrocytic schizogony is absent in P. falciparum. Read morehttp//www. hsebguides. com/2012/04/plasmodium-vivax-malarial-parasite. htmlixzz2G57xlaK6